softskill direct and indirect specee

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 SOFTSKILL DIRECT AND INDERECT SPECEE

One can never overstate the importance of grammar in any language. It provides the order that is needed in expression of words, for it to be comprehensible. The English language has precise rules of grammar & composition that need to be understood precisely. One part of English grammar that you need to know is the kind of words that are used, described as the 8 parts of speech and the second part is about how these words are put together to make a meaningful sentence.

The language inherits the nature of the causal world it describes. To describe cause and effect of actions in this world, a sentence in any language needs to have an orderly structure. Thus every sentence describing an action, needs to have a subject (who is the doer of the action) and the predicate (which contains the verb describing the action and the object). The object is the thing towards which the actions are directed. There are two main types of objects. They are direct and indirect objects. Let us define these two types, before knowing about how to identify them.

Definition

Let me define what is a direct object. A direct object is the word describing a thing which actually receives the action. It is the thing on which the action may be performed. This makes direct objects easier to identify. Here are a few sentence examples with the direct object identified with italics:

• Tom used his bicycle.
• The iceberg impact sunk the Titanic.
• She ultimately revealed her secret.
• He robbed the bank.
• Tom never underestimated his foes.

Now let us have a look at the definition of an indirect object. An indirect object identifies the entity for whom a specific action in a sentence might have been performed, though the verb acts on the direct object. Here are a few examples of indirect objects used in a sentence. They are identified by italics.

• Peter left all his money to his only kid.
• Jeremy sold me his property.
• We sent him a notice.
• I relayed you a message.

Hope the above examples have given you a good idea about what are indirect objects. It is the object that indirectly benefits or is related to the action performed by a verb on the direct object. It can be easily identified by asking the right questions to the verb.

How to Identify Them?

A direct object is easiest to identify. Just asking a question - 'What?' to a verb, will provide you with the direct object. Like in the example above (The iceberg impact sunk the Titanic.), if you ask the question 'what was sunk?', you get the answer as 'Titanic', which is the direct object.

The indirect object is trickier to identify. If you ask the question 'For whom?' or 'To whom?', to the verb and direct object combination, you may get the indirect object. Like in the above example, (I relayed you a message), if you ask the question 'To whom was the message sent?', you get the answer 'me', which is the indirect object.

The key to understanding and identifying indirect and direct objects is to analyze and break up a sentence into is constituent parts. As mentioned before, all you have to do, is see the causal flow of the sentence and identify the object on which an action is directed towards to know the indirect and direct objects. Practice is the key to identifying grammatical constructs that complete the causal description of a real world event, described by a sentence.

Direct and Indirect Speech

1. Direct Speech

We can give the exact words (more or less) that were said, or that we imagine were thought. This kind of structure is called ‘direct speech’.

So he said, ‘I want to go home,’ and just walked out.

Did she say, ‘What do you want?’

And then I thought, ‘Well, does he really mean it?’

2. Indirect Speech

We can make a speaker’s words or thoughts part of our own sentence, using conjunctions (e.g.that), and changing pronouns, tenses and other words where necessary. This kind of structure is called ‘indirect’ or ‘reported speech’.

So he said that he wanted to go home, and just walked out.

Did she just ask what you wanted?

And then I wondered whether he really meant it.

Words that are spoken or thought in one place by one person may be reported in another place at a different time, and perhaps by another person. Because of this, there are often grammatical differences between direct and indirect speech. These changes are mostly natural and logical, and it is not necessary to learn complicated rules about indirect speech in English.

BILL (on Saturday evening): I don’t like this party. I want to go home now.

PETER (on Sunday morning): Bill said that he didn’t like the party, and he wanted to go home right away.

Let’s pay attention to the following explanations in short

A. Changes in Tense

Direct Indirect

Simple Present Tense Simple Past Tense

Present Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense

Simple Past Tense Past Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense

Simple Future Tense Conditional with “would”

Past Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous

B. Changes in Time

Direct Indirect

Today On the day/that day

Tomorrow The next day/the following day

Yesterday The previous day; the day before

Next week The following week/the next week

Last week The previous week; the week before

Now Then

C. Changes in Place

Direct Indirect

Here There; at that place

In this room In that room

.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

A. Command

e.g.: 1. “Stand up!”

2. “Close the window!”

I asked the boy to stand up.

Mother asked me to close the window.

B. Statement

e.g.: 1. Barry is very kind.

2. We should wait till he comes

They said that Barry was very kind.

I suggested that we should wait until he came.

C. Question

e.g.: 1. did you come last night?

2. Why are you so upset?

John asked me if I had come the previous night.

I asked Linda why she was so upset.

Contoh-contoh kalimat direct and indirect

Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”

Indirect: He ordered his servant to go away at once

Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”

Indirect: He advised her son to study hard

Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”

Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil

Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”

Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.

Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there

Contoh Direct and Indirect di Dalam Teks

*keterangan:

~kalimat yang di beri bold merupakan contoh kalimat Direct

~kalimat yang di beri underline dan italic merupakan contoh kalimat Indirect

The Miser and His Purse

There was once lived a miser in Durgapur. One day he went shopping. He had a thousand rupees in his purse. As he was stepping into a shop, he felt for the purse in his pocket. He could not find it. ”It must have dropped when I took out my handkerchief,” he thought. He hurried back along the street, looking for the purse. He could not find it. He was in great distress.

The miser rushed to the town crier and sought his help. The town crier said that miser must offered a reward to the person who found the purse, or else miser wouldn’t get his purse back. The miser offered a reward of fifty rupees. The crier made the announcement.

The next day, a farmer came to the miser. “I found this purse near the lamp-post over these,” said the farmer. “Does it belong to you?”

The miser said that it was his purse, and he counted the money in the purse. “Thank you very much for returning my purse,” he added. But he did not give the farmer his reward.

The farmer asked that where was his rewards.

“There was a sum of one thousand and fifty rupees in my purse,” replied the miser. “Now I find only one thousand rupees. You have already taken you reward.”

The farmer said that he hadn’t take some money from the purse.

The miser shouted that the farmer was lying.

The farmer went to the court of law. The judge heard the case and sent for the miser. He took the purse and examined it.

“You say there was a sum of one thousand and fifty rupees in your purse,” said the judge. “This purse contains only one thousand rupees. So the purse can’t be yours.” He gave the purse to the farmer.

 IBD softskill direct and indirect speech

One can never overstate the importance of grammar in any language. It provides the order that is needed in expression of words, for it to be comprehensible. The English language has precise rules of grammar & composition that need to be understood precisely. One part of English grammar that you need to know is the kind of words that are used, described as the 8 parts of speech and the second part is about how these words are put together to make a meaningful sentence.

The language inherits the nature of the causal world it describes. To describe cause and effect of actions in this world, a sentence in any language needs to have an orderly structure. Thus every sentence describing an action, needs to have a subject (who is the doer of the action) and the predicate (which contains the verb describing the action and the object). The object is the thing towards which the actions are directed. There are two main types of objects. They are direct and indirect objects. Let us define these two types, before knowing about how to identify them.

Definition

Let me define what is a direct object. A direct object is the word describing a thing which actually receives the action. It is the thing on which the action may be performed. This makes direct objects easier to identify. Here are a few sentence examples with the direct object identified with italics:

• Tom used his bicycle.
• The iceberg impact sunk the Titanic.
• She ultimately revealed her secret.
• He robbed the bank.
• Tom never underestimated his foes.

Now let us have a look at the definition of an indirect object. An indirect object identifies the entity for whom a specific action in a sentence might have been performed, though the verb acts on the direct object. Here are a few examples of indirect objects used in a sentence. They are identified by italics.

• Peter left all his money to his only kid.
• Jeremy sold me his property.
• We sent him a notice.
• I relayed you a message.

Hope the above examples have given you a good idea about what are indirect objects. It is the object that indirectly benefits or is related to the action performed by a verb on the direct object. It can be easily identified by asking the right questions to the verb.

How to Identify Them?

A direct object is easiest to identify. Just asking a question - 'What?' to a verb, will provide you with the direct object. Like in the example above (The iceberg impact sunk the Titanic.), if you ask the question 'what was sunk?', you get the answer as 'Titanic', which is the direct object.

The indirect object is trickier to identify. If you ask the question 'For whom?' or 'To whom?', to the verb and direct object combination, you may get the indirect object. Like in the above example, (I relayed you a message), if you ask the question 'To whom was the message sent?', you get the answer 'me', which is the indirect object.

The key to understanding and identifying indirect and direct objects is to analyze and break up a sentence into is constituent parts. As mentioned before, all you have to do, is see the causal flow of the sentence and identify the object on which an action is directed towards to know the indirect and direct objects. Practice is the key to identifying grammatical constructs that complete the causal description of a real world event, described by a sentence.

Direct and Indirect Speech

1. Direct Speech

We can give the exact words (more or less) that were said, or that we imagine were thought. This kind of structure is called ‘direct speech’.

So he said, ‘I want to go home,’ and just walked out.

Did she say, ‘What do you want?’

And then I thought, ‘Well, does he really mean it?’

2. Indirect Speech

We can make a speaker’s words or thoughts part of our own sentence, using conjunctions (e.g.that), and changing pronouns, tenses and other words where necessary. This kind of structure is called ‘indirect’ or ‘reported speech’.

So he said that he wanted to go home, and just walked out.

Did she just ask what you wanted?

And then I wondered whether he really meant it.

Words that are spoken or thought in one place by one person may be reported in another place at a different time, and perhaps by another person. Because of this, there are often grammatical differences between direct and indirect speech. These changes are mostly natural and logical, and it is not necessary to learn complicated rules about indirect speech in English.

BILL (on Saturday evening): I don’t like this party. I want to go home now.

PETER (on Sunday morning): Bill said that he didn’t like the party, and he wanted to go home right away.

Let’s pay attention to the following explanations in short

A. Changes in Tense

Direct Indirect

Simple Present Tense Simple Past Tense

Present Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense

Simple Past Tense Past Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense

Simple Future Tense Conditional with “would”

Past Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous

B. Changes in Time

Direct Indirect

Today On the day/that day

Tomorrow The next day/the following day

Yesterday The previous day; the day before

Next week The following week/the next week

Last week The previous week; the week before

Now Then

C. Changes in Place

Direct Indirect

Here There; at that place

In this room In that room

.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

A. Command

e.g.: 1. “Stand up!”

2. “Close the window!”

I asked the boy to stand up.

Mother asked me to close the window.

B. Statement

e.g.: 1. Barry is very kind.

2. We should wait till he comes

They said that Barry was very kind.

I suggested that we should wait until he came.

C. Question

e.g.: 1. did you come last night?

2. Why are you so upset?

John asked me if I had come the previous night.

I asked Linda why she was so upset.

Contoh-contoh kalimat direct and indirect

Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”

Indirect: He ordered his servant to go away at once

Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”

Indirect: He advised her son to study hard

Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”

Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil

Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”

Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.

Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there

Contoh Direct and Indirect di Dalam Teks

*keterangan:

~kalimat yang di beri bold merupakan contoh kalimat Direct

~kalimat yang di beri underline dan italic merupakan contoh kalimat Indirect

The Miser and His Purse

There was once lived a miser in Durgapur. One day he went shopping. He had a thousand rupees in his purse. As he was stepping into a shop, he felt for the purse in his pocket. He could not find it. ”It must have dropped when I took out my handkerchief,” he thought. He hurried back along the street, looking for the purse. He could not find it. He was in great distress.

The miser rushed to the town crier and sought his help. The town crier said that miser must offered a reward to the person who found the purse, or else miser wouldn’t get his purse back. The miser offered a reward of fifty rupees. The crier made the announcement.

The next day, a farmer came to the miser. “I found this purse near the lamp-post over these,” said the farmer. “Does it belong to you?”

The miser said that it was his purse, and he counted the money in the purse. “Thank you very much for returning my purse,” he added. But he did not give the farmer his reward.

The farmer asked that where was his rewards.

“There was a sum of one thousand and fifty rupees in my purse,” replied the miser. “Now I find only one thousand rupees. You have already taken you reward.”

The farmer said that he hadn’t take some money from the purse.

The miser shouted that the farmer was lying.

The farmer went to the court of law. The judge heard the case and sent for the miser. He took the purse and examined it.

“You say there was a sum of one thousand and fifty rupees in your purse,” said the judge. “This purse contains only one thousand rupees. So the purse can’t be yours.” He gave the purse to the farmer

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